Ǭ¡-Ǭ¡ʮټ

Ǭ¡-Ǭ¡ʮټ ,˽ʷµ˵Ǭ¡-Ǭ¡ʮټһdz˽⣬Сʹҿ⡣

ԭı⣺Ǭ¡ʮټ


ҳõıԤ,᲻Σ? dz͢Ǭ¡ʮ1747 ĩʮ 1749 ˼Ϊ˼һҪ⡣Ǭ¡ʮ, Ҫĵ׼ɢء, ʱ׼ﵽʮ 1680 Ժδеһ߷御Ǭ¡ʮԺʮŴαͻ ʱij͢, ϳʵйʳȼжŪ, йȷѾõ˾ԭ, еоӦִͨĸ̡ڳ͢, ʱҪ߱ʵֶ, Ǭ¡Ը⽫ҵͷʩܹ, һܾЩDZڵߡɿɧҲԲʳ߼۶2ҵѾйʮ׼һָ˵Ķۡ
һ, ˿͡´½İ, ע⵽йͭҲԼӰ, 粻Ļ3ʮʮ, ʱĺ߹ִͬѧһ, ҲӶǶȷ׼; , ķ粢ʲô̶ӻҹ, dzв׼۵ij, ϵΪڸسƽֽԤԴгϳعɡκاŽָ, 峯, ƽ֡ʾƽ׼, ҸҪػʳԴ4ʮʮ,ǻõǬ¡ΪǶһλʷ, ͨͷԻȡֶνȫijƽִһ ϵӼһʵͷ, ԻȡijЩȨͻȨ ؼľܶν ڸʡ޶Ŀǰ֤ʾ, Ժ, ȫľܶΪ3200ʯ,ԭΪ2800ʯ, ֶ֮䲻޸, ´ʵܶ5800ʯ, Ⱦ޴5? һ˵͢ξδɹ, ʮʮ,ƽֵĴˮƽһЩȻǷ, µ۶ϻ˵ذʡ׼̧ҪԭִС ÿʳʮ֮ԭÿպгϹչ䳣ƽֵ۶Լʷ尺͢Լ쿺ΪijЩġǬ¡ 1742 ڴʹ, Ҫٴ, ȡνʵڿ֮6Ū, ǻ۵IJִƶ߲Ŀһֹڼ򵥵, ٲﴢζгӦļ, ̶¹İʵ, ˱ʣũƷ·䡣Բִƶȵļ߽, ɡ
ٶԲִƶȸеĹԱΪ, ɹΪܶ޵Լ, һ̶ϻм۵, ҵԹͬ, Ϊӱ߼Ĺ, һ޷㹻˵Ĺ, ͻֹͣ
гԹٷɹķӦֳһ̵ġ: ߺͨԤڹٷȨ޴, һַ״̬, ̧߼۸, Ͷڻ档Ǭ¡, һ:ԭʾ, ʡίԱ, ôһ, ֲ߽, ޹֮๺, й֮档
мһʱڹǬ¡ 1744 ,ղʹܽᷴɵĿʱд:֮, ׹֮ͨ˳Ȼ̼Ȩĸ, DzΪ, ȻƼڽ[][] м۲, δְ̼ٷ֮һ, ׼۶ٳ, Ȼ֮Ҳ7ʶ׼ȷ, ˴Ϣ, ֻǷӳߵĸƫ̵˽, ŴǬ¡ʵʩ߶ִߵľġݱ,194344µʡϼƽ4800ʯҡէһ, һֺһЭ̬ȵı, ʵһ߹̰ϵеIJִһ׵ˮƽĶ,dz͢Ĺ๺ᵼ׼۸; ֮ʡƶĸִ߲, Ϊʹ˵ʵ, ͷλȲᵼ׼۸, ԴгֱӹķʽǬ¡ʮ,ԥľͷ䳣ƽֵijԱѾ, ΪϾھʦͷλ˵ɻ, Ǭ¡ʮ 1745 Ժ͢ҲµIJġ8Ȼ, Ǭ¡ʮ곣ƽϵĴȻ4800ʯ, ҲִɹģС, ȼ˰ǰδˮƽԶ׼ġ
Ȼ, ϶Ǵġ, 峯ľзݺֻͼִоϰ, ͲѼйֵóһۡҵڴݸÿ׼ۼ׼, ̶ݸ׼ٷաȫﴢݻбȽϵĻ, ʶµʵ17411754, ݸ׼۵IJǡȫִˮƽĵ͹ȡ
174546, ݸص׼ȫִӷµ, ֮ȻԴ,ݵĹʳóԶڵطгҪλ, ˵ݵ׼۾ʹȫ׼, ҲΪԶʡݵIJִˮƽݵļ۸ΪйءıȽӦֻݸ׼ۺЩӦеijʡijƽִ洢ȻһΪӵͼȽϳذʡIJִݺڵ׼, ᷢͬͼ, ָܳκاšߴӵʷֵܷʡ֮й, ܵ˵, ݸ׼ۺͳذʡijƽִһַȹϵ9ȹϵһζŹҵġƽСdzɹ, һʧԴʳиԤֶμƽֵĸ߶ , м۱ڹȱ, νա ʵΪٶ, ʮһµġ ִ ˼ȷ, 治ܱһ¡κاΪ,Щһ˵ʵϷӳÿִݽʱˮƽ, պ³ʵַ֮ǰIJִˮƽ10, ƺûһ·ָеضʡ㱨ƽֵĴ, ʮʡݵġҲֵ߳ĴְڡΪʵij, Ǭ¡ʮֺܸܿݵ˼һ¡11 ʹѡֿ, ܹǺݸ׼۳ɷȹϵ˵˵ǡݸϵ׼۷ӳĵõƵĹ, ʹýϸִ߲ˮƽΪܡ, ӵĹٲִȷܹʹм, һҵڵĻƿܿʼáڹȼ, طٲòִ߲ۺʡȴȼµ, ȻӹٲֵĴ
, ۵ص㲢ǵʱʳгϵʵϵ, ǵʱijٺͻʵ۳ƽƶȶʳгӰ졣ַ̽174749ġƽִս,һΪоԱʶһø, һͼijЩѧйءʢ͢оЩѧƺΪʮйͷȦɵ, ȡóɹԲԡ, ȽһЩܶѲǬ¡ʮʮ·һ׫дĸࡣط׼ԭԡЩв֤ijЩپ߱൱ߵгʶĺʷ, ڴص۵DZʱʷ硣
, ߻ͼ1749ƽֶйʷ̽һϣ֤, ִָ͢䶯һƵȫһ¡һ˵, ִȫһϵ濼áȻȫʵ, ʷҲԶ׼ľ, ӵʷŬ֮, Ҳװѻ͸ʱ͢ʵʶ
һ, Ǭ¡ǴӱõŷǬ¡ʮijƽִսǬ¡ʮʮ, ʷŷ, ٷִΪ׼۰֮Ĵϵ
۵, ֿܵĽ˷ɡǬ¡۵׽ƺĽּۡоֿܵĽ, һһش
, 簶ںѧѾע⵽, Ͱֵָֽע, ڹdzƽֵĹɵơִ˵򡰲ִ衱 12ʵ۵ijӴ󲿷һʾ174849 , طϳ˶ʮ߷׹ԭ򡣾ܶǻĽ, ܵ˵, ΪҪ, ˿Ͳִƶ⡣濴,ֽ͵ֲ֧, ʵ, ʮ˿Ϊԭ, Ҷֽ͵Ŀһ˿ڵܱΪǡ족ɵ, DZı, û˽Ӧòȡʩͼ;ĶԲ߶ڱ˵ġ, ʳӦ˿෴, ƽƶȱһԶ֮Ϊ, ͬػʳġӷѡһ, ȱǻ¡
Ĵʹ׹Ӿ, ӦҸš
ʵ, ϸĶһ, ͻּᷢȲӦѸʡһȺΩǴӵū, ҲΪһ´˹ʶ, Ϊ4800ʯIJִԵùҰIJӦԼ١෴, Щʾ˼, ˼ľԭԺͶ˼άԤϵһ, Բִ˵Ĺ۵Աϸʡ, Щطȱͨˮɽ谭, ҵ̶Ƚϵ͡ɽѲ̩۵,һֲִ֧, Ϊʺˮ·ͨձġϡʡ, һ, Ϊִ費ӦΪɽʡָ롣˾, ԶϲƪĶԲִӦȽ䵭, ޵Ϊٲֱ绤ʮƪȷֲִ֧˵, һֹ۵ǿӲ, һȽº͡, ߽һЩΪȤۡ
ڲϲִѲ, һЩ˾ͽڷļ۸Ϊ롰ϡʡڵ֮ȫͬĿࡢɽʡѲ, DZʡ, Ҫ͵ơӺˡʱߵˮƽ, Ҫõö, ɽĺ˸߼ڵز쳣
෴, ׳ʡݹۼ̧һ, ѲȴΪ۵İ󲻹ʡ֮以ó׵ıȻº, ǷĹŻûпԽʹҳΪ׼۸״һ־ż, ̬ҲΪ档Ȼ, ƺ֮ijЩԱƫ, ͬʱЩƶĹڵͬ, ΪѸٷչĹ㶫гвǻȡʳ;Ϊڹ򲹲ִΪ޶??׼۾öƽҲ, ͬʱ֧һ, 谭ʳġ֮١, ˿ڳ֮㶫óײΪߴ˻, һʡıطߴˡıĻᡣȻӦũҪ㹻ġDzء ͥʳ , Ӧʶͨ˵ط֮, ˴ʵ֮13ԡɽӡ֮ɽҲͬ, ҵʡڵʳӦ,ɽѲ˃̩ɽʱֲִ֧˵෴, Ϊʡʳ͡ǷѵصʹٲִΪ֤ġһҪͼϷͣ[] Ͷ衱 ðھʦͷ ԰ɽ㳣ƽ, 䴢Ե1744 27%ͬʱ,̩ҲᳫڶɽĹϵͳ, Դ˽Ϳƽʱʳ۸
Ϊ, ڸõؽؿ, ɿ֮ءںδ, ںδӦھԸڿӮʳ, ˽óװ˵˿ڳܵķںذ, Ϊ˻Ӧ޵·ɽѲ, ̩ǵһλᳫɹŵӯɽʡϵ, λǰѾйáţƤ硱ӿпеػƺĴ١Ҳʧʵʹ̩תȡȽϳİ취, Ծĺóױػƺ黯ǵȵصĹȷС14̩Ȼᵽƺ, ȤDzʹһ㳫ĵ·ƹ̡ⷬڽ, ģ൱, ֱĵ·Ҳ䷶Χڡ̩лۿΧŹɽ·ƵĽ, ·־չƽ̹, Ŀn˴󳵽Կͨ衱
̩Ƿ㹻ؿǵɱһ? ʹһ޸ĵ·, ӹ黯ǵݡƽһ½·, ɱҲʮְ, Dz̩ܲ, ܹչһľͳ½ʡĿ, ͼھٴٽģʽóױضĵϰ15Ѳ͢۸ӽԤ֮еıʡݵķӦʵ, ڱʡݵ, ɽ·᫡ĸһ˵İ
ҵϵĹ״ж˼ʱӡʳĿ, һʹġ պ󹩹г ΣճΪʵȻƽֶIJ书Ϊƽ۵һҪɲ, ʮҶ, ׼۵ձ鰺ƺʹһԵЩʱˡȻ, ͢Ϊ, ڸ, Լĵв޲֮ͼ, ܵΪ, δꡱ, , Ϊ򲹹ٲֳΪвЧԲ, ԡм֮[ٷ]ΪȨ⡱Ͳȡ˴ʩ, ù١, ͬʱҲùʹһʱǵ̫ࡣɽʡѲȻһᳫĸﲹƶ, ͢һ, ƺòؼٲ̫߶յĴƵIJִ16ʮʮ, ʡűȽǿԤͳȻ1749ʡƽֹȶ嵥1744ʡߵIJִ 501 ʯ ƺš֡144ʯ, ƽʡ357ʯռȫλ17Ѳ˶ɫǰŶͼһͨԵ֤ٷԤԹĵͲŶͼΪں, պ, ٷ, ̴֡ڻ, ¡мͰ, ҡƸ, , ǹִ, ڻΪ, ۲, ⡱˶ɫ˰˿͵Ļԭ򡣵Ͷڡ󡱵ij˵, ӦǴͲҵ˶ɫд˲ִ˵һг, ʹת淶IJⲢǶһʯִζһʯʳ, ǡڻһʯ֮, 伴һʯ֮ʳá˶ɫ, DZҪġΪӽնʳ,Ω϶ڻ֮18ϡ⽮Բִ˵֧ӦԤ֮С˶Բִ˵̬ЩģɵġϿ, ܶۿͷͱƫؼֲִ˵ȥӡ: ֳƽƶȼʵһ۱ϵĻ, ĿΪתĨǵغʷƾõijƽƶɨ·ƵȷƳƽִתٶ, ԱٹٷҪ,ĸĸィ黹Ƚº͡ᵽΪ, ִɿ顱, ҲᳫǬ¡ˡĴ
ָǵձ, ӰˡǹΪ򡱵ĸƷһ, ΪΪȫᵽۡս󡱵, ѲִڵλδȫżȻġȻ˽϶ƪִ, ȴøīʹ׾, ᳫֲֹŴݳ
Ĺƿ, ơ˷ѡʳܿܲȶѷڽϳƽʳ١19ǻԤϵ, ׳ʡݽϺͺѲӦֲִ֧˵ӲɡΪʮʮ, ƽƶȵĽ㳣, ʡʡݵĹΪƺӰʡݵ׼, ʹ֮ڰ󡣽Ѳ̩ȷΪ²ٲֵ۸, ĸĽӦµЧ, ʵıʡгʡݵĹٷʹڽäĿɹӰ졣Ȼ, Աʡijƽֶҵó׹ʲôޱҪķָ, ӦԵжϿƽϸߵ, ˵ڳЦΪƽֹͷ
Ĵ160ʯ, ݿ̩,ʱʵʴ170ʯϡ[ʡһ] ÿʮ֮,170 ʯǽڹ, Ϊٲֵ;1743һֱ1748, ۻɹ70ʯ, [ÿ] ʮ֮ȷ, տ̩Ĺ, ϲһص Ѵ400 ʯܴٷֶεij̶Ͽ, ,ڻʵ۶ԡס, ̩ĹͲбȽǿĻζڿ̩, ̷, ȼÿ; , Ԥ׹֮ݻ˹, ಻̡20ԳƽƶȵǿӲʲô? ȱǿ, һ˿Ժִͬ, ͬʱ۵Լĸィϱº̬ȡº̬ȵƽ, ӶǶ̽۸, ԼԴִ֮IJȴʩȤ
ȷ, º뼤֮ĽʱԻ塣˵, ƹܶʶƽƶȵƹ㲻ǵΨһĻԭ,Ҳᵽ˹ٲڡر߸ʡıزٵáͬʱ, гƽƶȵ۵Ե, ԹΪ֪ڼϰԼ治סʳһ߳˵, ˵֮ϧ׹Ƚڹ, DZڹ߽ʧ߼ӺҲ, ܵЩϸ΢IJ, ̶ִĶһϵԵĻ򼫶Եļ֮, ƺһ蹵21Ϊƪ, ֻܼܽɵۡ
Ѳȡ׵ĴʩִΪ, ʱֹͣٷ, ¶ڻΪĽ̰, ҡʵ̷ó׻ⱻڻʳ·, ¡Ǹ֮֮ӡ, ƽ֮Сԭ֮߼ԴΪ, ٹֻвִڡԭ50% ,ҡطաʱ, ڱؽвִ, Զʡ, νԭ롰ࡱԶ, ֻ2800ʯѾȻIJִͶһ벻Σյ? ΪȻ
Ϊùڿ, ʹǡ̰СĽϰնòֹԭǷŸũ, Ϊ, ڳлĽϡ֮ʮ, ֮ΩϽ֮ʡΪࡱûҪڽա㽭ɽϸʡ, ԽԶϸʡԽ١ѵⲻ˿ܶȵԭ? ֲΪȻ, ΪԶʡݵİաδϰ, , δ෴, ϼڽʡ򡰽ÿϰ߳, ˮһв,̶˵, Ϊ֮൱𽥲֡ԻСģʳѷ, ˾ֻӦáʱ˼, ǰһ, Ӧðաޡ, гϹʳ22ҵ̶ȽϸߵʡݿгӦһǬ¡ʮ겻ʮʡ
ͨһͨʩŰƶʳʮ, ԰ʽȼ⡱ һʮᵽ, ̩ڶ۰ڡ, ɽѲʳذʡ, Ҳһ־øͲ塣˵: , ,֮Ҳͨ, , ֮ҲΪıתͨ, һڹ, ֮Ҳڡ̩, ڳذʡ, ײ, ˮ·ͨ, ˽ʳó׷չ÷dz, ٷһ㲻Ҫйﴢ档ڷȻֺʱ, ⡱, ˡΩ񡱵ıΪĸ, һ桰˵ôͽıС,һгϵƷ, ֮ƽʹҪ, ֻҪھҪʵصijƽ, ͲѴӡھʳ˵̩Ƿʱ׼һֳذʡóܹʵ, һ޴ĹӯʳĴٷ涼͸Ԥ; ෴, ֮, ʡ֮ͨת䡱ھӦðѲִԭνʱλĹﶼӦ; ĴгͶ, Ὺһµļ23Ǭ¡۶Щ˼ݶ۵ηӦ? Ⱥ󳼵ĸ඼ռȫ, Ҳƺ˴顣˵ľǴʶҲѡġ812, 򲹹ٲּ֮ǰ, 䲼һּ, Բִȫ, Ϊֹд, ̫֮, ֮߱, ֮ȻڡӺɶӶȵ,ѡĹ, תʡѧʿͻԭ, Ϊʵʩת˼ƻṩ顣24ʵ, ڽִܲ˵ķ⽮, ּ֧Ȳһ, ֲرǿҡִʽ˸֧֡ЩȷᳫͲִĴ󳼵, ִִ֧ġ̩ԵùҲֻڳذʡʵдģ, Щʡ֮, ѽͨĸų⡣
ֱʮʮʮ 17491 µ , ѧʿȲ顣, ߵʵʩչ൱Ѹ١ 9³ , ջյʹʵַһ, ֻСִֹ??ɶĵʵ۷ʵ, Щչʵ ڹ, ͨ̾25һ˵Ѵͳٶڰ׵ߵܷ˵͢ʹٷΪξϵľޱ˼׼?ʱ, ξͬ¿ûкܶϵ17491µ, ѧʿ󳼺ͻùٽ鳯ָ͢һ3379ʯ²ִϸĶίԱ, Ͳóһӡ: ίԱ᲻Ըƽϵͳ, ͬʱҲܾҵʡʽίԱԸʡѲֲȡһʽȫȷ̬, Dz˵ʮֹעʵʵIJִˮƽݸʡ, ʮ^ǰĴֹΪ2686ʯ, ¶693ʯҡʡ˾һáмۡ еıй,һ滹ջеıũĹ, ϿܴﵽĶ3895ʯ, ¶516ʯҡ, ijһʡ, ũĹ԰ѵǰִˮƽߵ¶ˮƽ, αй˷ʽ? ȺͱйȵֱΪ478 731ʯίԱᳫ Ⱦջر, Ȼ򲹡Ե, ʱڴƶũջعδ練Ƶ, ũǷ¡ίԱ᲻ò, ջغ;Ժ, кϡ㽭ࡢʡӦij⡣ʡϵջءԺIJΪ30ʯ, ȡߴ6715 ʯ, ǡδ겢ѭ㽭ʡIJߴ91ʯ, ίԱ᲻ᳫȻĴʩ, Ѻϵʵ55ʯ 㽭, ӶѺߵijּһϡȻջ㹻ıﵽ¶ʡ, ίԱὨ˵ò,㽭ϡʡijֻͨͷϡйغϺʡݵνȡ ϵΪ322 ʯ , ίԱὨ, ϱĿǰ򲹲ִġмۡ ϵΪ142 , ίԱὨӦðЩʣʽ浽ʡⷿ,Ȼ󡰱ò ϱԱ㻧ò 26ò֮󲦸ʲô˼? ᷨ۵ͳָ¼ﷴ, ޴ȷίԱᷨ⡣Ѯ, ʵƺѾŵ, ʡʽԱԱʱ֮, Ϊ˱⵽Ų, ЩʽӦô˾ʡⷿ 27෴, ҪʽڰѿȨתƵ; ͬʱ, òпܵʽáǬ¡ʮ, ڳ͢ǮٺհսԺ󲻾, ͼȡƽϵͳľݳƲҪм۵ĿȨ, ڰ1918мá28ʮ, ͢˴۾޴ĵһν֮ۡ1749, ʵѳ֮Բȡʤ, ս۱ǵ漰һش: һּŵָ,ֻа2700, ﶬ??[ 2700 ] Ϥ֮ľ,ڵżм, ƽ?29ʵ, սܿ, ͢˲ҪЩöʡⷿмĴ, ս۵ȫջԵ1000, ǻǸϸһίԱύǰ漴顣
ίԱ۵ıһּڽսжʵϣ, ڹ 5º6³һҽٽȷϵʤ, ʹܹ͢ս, ͬʱӡΪ1749 130յίԱᱨڳ͢ԡʵѺΪ̡սǰʾ֮ĵʮ鶨117, ͢Ԥʾ, ٵ6 ʤ, Ͳ硰گⳡսۡʵսķһίԱݱļ֮2³, ͢Ⱥ䲼گ, ָʾñһ¶ϲɹ¡ 4Ѯ6Ѯ 530 ޡ30ϼΪݱı, ڶԱмʾIJʶԽʱ, DZ뿼ǵġ, Ǭ¡ʮʵǮ︳ һ, ︳ǹҪԴʮһ굽ʮ, ȫʡȫ︳һĶ, ⵱Ȼζ½нսۡ311749117, ͢Ԥ, ʹĹܹɹ, սܻҲﵽ100032ʱӹʽۼƻѴ860 1747 괺Ժ,ŴαȰ䲼Щϸֵ֮ע, Ϊ˵սɵIJ, һʹܹӳƽϵͳпܳȡĽʡ, 142 볯͢ڽսIJͬ׶βľ֮ĶԱ˵, 17481112 , ͢ȴӺϡʡ101, ִӹɽʡ100, ִӻ⻮100, ͢Ϊս17491µ, ̺ɽϲʿһŵ150͢ȷڴŻи฻ŵʡ33ȻŵԲֿ, 1µ, ͢, ֻҪⳡսۼƾѲڳ1000, ṩ㹻ʽӦǿܵġ
Ȼ, սϵ^ô? ľԴѧʿֳʹ˵ĵй212, ʵ۰ѡǰ, ָʾñɹ³Ѯ[5 1625] ֮ڡᵽսۿҪ⻧ȫ2700جξдּС34˵, ĵǵȷʮ͵ĻѾε3000, µ֮ȱȼ»35ʵ, ս3·ݼ, ˱Ҳû˳͢ʣмĴĶ, ЩǬ¡ʮ궬ȫƽʲίԱһҲûȨ֮, ˸񲻵ġ
1749310, ָ͢, [֮ʡ] ֧ӦƷ, 罭[][] , ׼۰ɴײ36Ǭ¡ʮ, ֮ǷӰĴϵҼҪĵҵ? ȻĴʡĵطʮʮ·Ѳȡ׳Ĵʩȷ֤, ʹָ, ʮꡰ¼Ͽˮ, ״[] ȡϿˮաָᷨܿΪ, ʡ˾β׳, ʡ˾Ϊ񡰽ס̴, 򵽴γеĴ׹ӦȻ΢΢37ϧ, ڻظʵ׼ԭʱ, ʡڽ𴨾һDZضƺղػԡʵ۲ǰʾؼڲִƶȵӰ?Ǭ¡ʮ곣ƽΪĿ, ٴ^ʼ, ⳡ۲ǼƻӱIJִȡԴжĻԳ͢˵, ֮ʱ, սΪ۸ǵĸԴ֮һ, Dzᱻἰ; ֻҪսȿǵλ, й׼ǵ˼ͻᱻ򹥻ڲȨ֮ơַ֧ڹҪ˵, ڳƽʲʧĵմʹ͢ʶҪϸ޶սʱԭίԱıʾ, ¹涨ִ, ΪĹʽм ƽ142, ΪǶ,ǰʵڲֵĹﹲƻ200ʯ, 142볯͢Ͷսĸʿ, ֧սij, ͢µ׻սֹޡսǰ, ʵʩе, ͻһµӦ, 142Ͷ322ʯ֮ȡ롪ȷֲֵȡڴֽȹ̵ЧΡһ䴢ֵõ, ΪװͻŲϵIJȷԡ֮ǰ, ֲϵкôġ
ĽʹŹּ̡ʵ, ֮۵սֲϷ仯, ھʦңĵ跨ݾƵ˼Ҳ֮䡣Ϊ˽Ǭ¡ʮijƽս, ʶֶ֮ĸ໥áȻ, ս︳ɵļٵ, ʷŷ᳣ƽƶȱ״, Գ͢˵, DZڵĺôġȻ,ǶƵĹעŴǬ¡ʮĴս, һȫܵġҶʱij͢ȱ߼ӵͳѧ, Ժ⵱ʱɹõݶִ֧֡ζŸ׼ۡһ۶Ƕô԰ġ1748, 1680ǰijε۷ǵһʹ˾, ֮׺ʾ糱ʹѰЧüޡ֮۽Ժ, ͢ûлƹٲִľġ෴, 174910, һرίԱܲһЩʡٴ, ɽʡ¶Ϊ132ʯ, ѲĶΪ181ʯ, ʡ¶Ϊ137ʯ, ʹĶΪ152ʯҡ38Ȼ, ִһʩڲϵջDzݺӵġڸʡ֮, ͣٷõ˸֧, ʲôϵĺô? ͣٷʱʡʽ, ûʡʡطֽáǬ¡ʮ, Ž֮۵, ͢ڲ״еĽǴ˵ʵ8·ߵĴԡȫҵյ֮Ȼٷ⽮󳼺, Ȼʵ۾, ҪѸʡIJִһӺɶΪʲôᵽġɶ? ֻС̩һᳫѳذʡ̵ͨIJִˮƽ̩йءϡʡҲֱӰ812ּ, Ϊһ֤Ʋʱʵۺܸܿոضһۡ39, ͢ҲΪ̩׼ʳгĹ, ǶԾܴйٲִеõһȤõij͢ϾԸ򾭼֮ϸµķ
͢뷨δؼᶨ, Ѯ, ʵƺŵ, ڸذѶʽ˾⡱, ЩʽԿɹطʹáһŵ󵼡, пǻʵԥķӳֻ򲻵ѵ, һλˡľŻӹҵWʽԹսòҪǬ¡ʮĴսdz͢Ϊ˽ӳƽֵʲƵ, Ҫѻʵۺ;󳼡ùٵһΪӦ¼͡㡱
ľ⡣ʮ,ʵ۶Խ֮ս׵ľڼίԱıһ˻ʵ۹ȥһδҵ, һҲڰʵ۶пɲȡĴʩõ˽⡣ίԱĽۿӰʵ۾ҪѮǰս۵֮һٿ˵, ίԱĽʺϵʱľءҪٵ´һ۰ս
Ǭ¡ʮ°곯͢Ϊdz졣žΣĽһ,͢ίԱᶼҪݲƻǵΪֵƳ, ƺ˵Ƿġֻ, мĸ, ̫֮, ֮߱١˵Ȼ֮, ǧӦðΪ1740ƽϵͳ֮õĿ͹۸, νʹͼ, ѽ¶11%ҡڳʡ֮ʳг˽ҲǬ¡ۻҪ롣
עͣ
1.ѱĵӢij巭, شлƪ, ĶԸӵĽֻۡ׾, State orMerchant? Political Econo2my and Political Process in 1740 s China Cambridge,Mass1: ѧ, 2006 , 5 - 8¡
2.ڴָ1748ʵѲݷʾ֮ʵʹΪҪȱӵͽʵ¼314ҳ2526й1748ʾѹʩ, μ׾, ҳ45561; йΥ˾̡ȱС, μľ, ȡ̰һ족, ءйĻ17 2002 , ҳ14973
3.Yeh - chienWang, The Secular Trend of Prices duringthe Ching Period 1644 - 1911 , ءĴѧйĻоѧ521972 , ҳ363 - 65;Secular Trends of Rice Prices in the Yangzi Delta, 1638- 1935, Chinese History in Economic Perspective,Thomas G1 RawskiL illianM1 L iBerkeley: ݴѧ, 1992 , ҳ64 - 65
4.Pierre - EtienneWill, Bureaucracy and Famine in Eigh2teenth - Century China, Elborg Forster Stanford: ʷѧ, 1990 , ҳ186 - 87
5.Сʱѡ, Ǭ¡ʮһɹȾʷ , ءʷ19914, ҳ3 - 5תؼʷ», Ǭ¡2 /9 /29۱󳼺;, Ǭ¡2 /10 /21ۺǬ¡3 /1 /17; йһʷ, , , ִ¼ơһʷ, ִ ,ѧʿ;, Ǭ¡8 /4 /6; ʵ¼189ҳ2; , ʮйľ÷չߡ: йѧ, 1995 ,ҳ129; ׾, 2 - 3ҳ199 - 206
6.μѧʿ;⸲ݵʷ尵, Ǭ¡7 /5 /9, һʷ, ƺ챾, ִ,Ѳ, Ǭ¡8 /2 /28Ȿļ
7.һʷ, ִ, , Ǭ¡8 /6 /21; ūš, Ǭ¡9 /2 /10ۡ
8.һʷ, ִ, ūš, ͬ; ʵ¼211ҳ16 - 18; ׾, ҳ245 - 62, 268 - 74,278 - 82
9.Wang, Secular Trends, 111; Pierre - tienneWill, R1 BinWong, Nourish the Peop le: The State Ci2vilian Granary System in China, 1650 - 1850 Ann Ar2bor: ѧйо, 1991 , A11; ׾,8 - 9, ͼ1 - 2ҳ296 - 306
10.1748ȫġΪ3100ʯ, ݱߵļ, ճ򲹺ջشʩ, ϿܴܵΪ3900ʯҡ׾, 12
11 .Will, Nourish the Peop le, ҳ251, 254 - 56, 264 -65; ׾, ҳ299, 372
12.һʷ, ִ, ʷŷ, Ǭ¡12 /10 /13; ʵ¼304ҳ16 - 18; ,йȽU䶯: ij,1997 , ҳ303
13., μһʷ, ִ, Ѳ͢, Ǭ¡13 /4 /24, ɽѲ̩, Ǭ¡13 /4 /18 , Ѳ, Ǭ¡13 /5 /22ۡ
14.ɽѲ, Ǭ¡8 /10 /18 ¼ ,Ҷ־ѡ, Ǭ¡ʷϡ , ʷ39 1990 , ҳ29 - 30; һʷ, ִ, ɽѲ, Ǭ¡9 /9 /14; ǹ,ļ1, ϳ´ةۻƺ顷йءӺԺ󡱡ũƾĶ˹Ա㿪ѴŮص, μͳɳ¡߽̫ԭ: ɽ, 1998 , 1, ҳ281
15.һʷ, ִ, ɽѲ̩, Ǭ¡13 /4 /18ۼ
16.ͬ, Ѳ͢, Ǭ¡13 /4 /24, 6 /11 /28,Ѳºı, Ǭ¡13 1143 - 013 ; ʹԺ̨ , ¼¼ƾ̨ , ɽѲ, Ǭ¡13 /8 /6 ۡ
17.׾, ҳ245 - 47 ͱ7
18.һʷ, ִ, ȺѲŶͼ˶ɫ, Ǭ¡8 /4 /2513 /1 /23ۡ
19.ͬ, ܶ, Ǭ¡13 /7 /2
20.ͬ, Ѳ̩, Ǭ¡13 1142 -026 ; ׾, 6; ʵ¼304 ҳ17
㽭ѲǬ¡13, 1142 - 020ҲνģɵĴ𸴡
21.ͬ, ƹܶ, Ǭ¡13 1142 -024
22.̨ , Ѳ, Ǭ¡13 /3 /22 ; οʵ¼311ҳ28b - 29b
23.һʷ, ִ, ɽѲ̩, Ǭ¡13 /4 /18
24.ʵ¼319ҳ5 - 6
25.ͬ, 320ҳ23 - 24
26.һʷ, ִ, ѧʿ͢, Ǭ¡13 /12 /12ۺԭʡƽֹȶ嵥 1132 - 016 , Ѳ˶ɫ, Ǭ¡13 /9 /8;׾, ҳ355 - 61, 374 - 80 ͱ11 - 13, 17
27. ʵ¼323ҳ15 - 16
28.׾, ҳ266, 275 - 82йհ֮, μ, Ǭ¡ۼʱ: йѧ, 1992 , ҳ169 - 72
29 .ʵ¼331ҳ52йصһνս, μ, ҳ174 - 82; ׯ, ʮȫ书о̨: ʹԺ, 1982 , ҳ109 - 28
30.ʵ¼329ҳ55 - 56, 330ҳ48- 49, 331ҳ3; , ҳ178 - 80; ɿ, ʷ꡷5 Ǭ¡ϱ: йѧ, 1991 , ҳ312, 314, 316 - 18, 322
31.йǮ, μ׾ҳ444 - 52
32.ʵ¼329ҳ55
33.׾, ҳ385, 15ͱ16
34.ʵ¼331ҳ49, 52
35.ѡ, ӺǬ, ءʷ1984 4, ҳ19 - 20; ׾, ҳ387 ע53
36. ʵ¼333ҳ25
37һʷ, ִ, յµ, Ǭ¡14 /3 /1ĴʹԽ, Ǭ¡14 /3 /14 ; 鸲, ͢, Ǭ¡13 /12 /24۽Ƭ7, 1616 ; ׾, ҳ394 - 95
38.һʷ, ִ, ѧʿ͢, Ǭ¡14 /8 /25ܶ͢, Ǭ¡14 /2 /9ۡ
39.׾, ҳ398, ע79
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