Ǭ¡-Ǭ¡ʮټ ,˽ʷµ˵Ǭ¡-Ǭ¡ʮټһdz˽⣬Сʹҿ⡣
ԭı⣺Ǭ¡ʮټ
ҳõıԤ,Σ? dz͢Ǭ¡ʮ1747 ĩʮ 1749 ˼Ϊ˼һҪ⡣Ǭ¡ʮ, Ҫĵɢء, ʱﵽʮ 1680 Ժδеһ߷御Ǭ¡ʮԺʮŴαͻ ʱij͢, ϳʵйʳȼжŪ, йȷѾõ˾ԭ, еоӦִͨĸ̡ڳ͢, ʱҪ߱ʵֶ, Ǭ¡Ը⽫ҵͷʩܹ, һܾЩDZڵߡɿɧҲԲʳ۶2ҵѾйʮһָ˵Ķۡ
һ, ˿͡´½İ, עйͭҲԼӰ, 粻Ļ3ʮʮ, ʱĺ߹ִͬѧһ, ҲӶǶȷ; , ķ粢ʲô̶ӻҹ, dzв۵ij, ϵΪڸسƽֽԤԴгϳعɡκاŽָ, 峯, ƽ֡ʾƽ, ҸҪػʳԴ4ʮʮ,ǻõǬ¡ΪǶһλʷ, ͨͷԻȡֶνȫijƽִһ ϵӼһʵͷ, ԻȡijЩȨͻȨ ؼľܶν ڸʡĿǰ֤ʾ, Ժ, ȫľܶΪ3200ʯ,ԭΪ2800ʯ, ֶ֮䲻, ´ʵܶ5800ʯ, Ⱦ5? һ˵͢ξδɹ, ʮʮ,ƽֵĴˮƽһЩȻǷ, µ۶ϻ˵ذʡ̧ҪԭִС ÿʳʮ֮ԭÿպгϹչ䳣ƽֵ۶Լʷ尺͢Լ쿺ΪijЩġǬ¡ 1742 ڴʹ, Ҫٴ, ȡνʵڿ֮6Ū, ǻ۵IJִƶ߲Ŀһֹڼ, ٲﴢζгӦļ, ̶¹İʵ, ˱ʣũƷ·䡣Բִƶȵļ߽, ɡ
ٶԲִƶȸеĹԱΪ, ɹΪܶԼ, һ̶ϻм۵, ҵԹͬ, ΪӱĹ, һ㹻˵Ĺ, ͻֹͣ
гԹٷɹķӦֳһ̵ġ: ߺͨԤڹٷȨ, һַ״̬, ̧۸, Ͷڻ档Ǭ¡, һ:ԭʾ, ʡίԱ, ôһ, ֲ߽, ֮, й֮档
мһʱڹǬ¡ 1744 ,ղʹܽᷴɵĿʱд:֮, ֮ͨ˳Ȼ̼Ȩĸ, DzΪ, ȻƼڽ[][] м۲, δְ̼ٷ֮һ, ۶ٳ, Ȼ֮Ҳ7ʶȷ, ˴Ϣ, ֻǷӳߵĸƫ̵˽, ŴǬ¡ʵʩ߶ִߵľġݱ,194344µʡϼƽ4800ʯҡէһ, һֺһЭ̬ȵı, ʵһ߹̰ϵеIJִһˮƽĶ,dz͢Ĺᵼ۸; ֮ʡƶĸִ߲, Ϊʹ˵ʵ, ͷλȲᵼ۸, ԴгֱӹķʽǬ¡ʮ,ԥľͷ䳣ƽֵijԱѾ, ΪϾھʦͷλ˵ɻ, Ǭ¡ʮ 1745 Ժ͢ҲµIJġ8Ȼ, Ǭ¡ʮ곣ƽϵĴȻ4800ʯ, ҲִɹģС, ȼ˰ǰδˮƽԶġ
Ȼ, ϶Ǵġ, 峯ľзݺֻͼִоϰ, ͲѼйֵóһۡҵڴݸÿۼ, ̶ݸٷաȫﴢݻбȽϵĻ, ʶµʵ17411754, ݸ۵IJǡȫִˮƽĵȡ
174546, ݸصȫִӷµ, ֮ȻԴ,ݵĹʳóԶڵطгҪλ, ˵ݵ۾ʹȫ, ҲΪԶʡݵIJִˮƽݵļ۸ΪйءıȽӦֻݸۺЩӦеijʡijƽִ洢ȻһΪӵͼȽϳذʡIJִݺڵ, ᷢͬͼ, ָܳκاšߴӵʷֵܷʡ֮й, ܵ˵, ݸۺͳذʡijƽִһַȹϵ9ȹϵһζŹҵġƽСdzɹ, һʧԴʳиԤֶμƽֵĸ߶ , м۱ڹȱ, νա ʵΪٶ, ʮһµġ ִ ˼ȷ, 治ܱһ¡κاΪ,Щһ˵ʵϷӳÿִݽʱˮƽ, պ³ʵַ֮ǰIJִˮƽ10, ƺûһ·ָеضʡ㱨ƽֵĴ, ʮʡݵġҲֵ߳ĴְڡΪʵij, Ǭ¡ʮֺܸܿݵ˼һ¡11 ʹѡֿ, ܹǺݸ۳ɷȹϵ˵˵ǡݸϵ۷ӳĵõƵĹ, ʹýϸִ߲ˮƽΪܡ, ӵĹٲִȷܹʹм, һҵڵĻƿܿʼáڹȼ, طٲòִ߲ۺʡȴȼµ, ȻӹٲֵĴ
, ۵ص㲢ǵʱʳгϵʵϵ, ǵʱijٺͻʵ۳ƽƶȶʳгӰ졣ַ̽174749ġƽִս,һΪоԱʶһø, һͼijЩѧйءʢ͢оЩѧƺΪʮйͷȦɵ, ȡóɹԲԡ, ȽһЩܶѲǬ¡ʮʮ·һдĸࡣطԭԡЩв֤ijЩپ߱൱ߵгʶĺʷ, ڴص۵DZʱʷ硣
, ͼ1749ƽֶйʷ̽һϣ֤, ִָ͢䶯һƵȫһ¡һ˵, ִȫһϵ濼áȻȫʵ, ʷҲԶľ, ӵʷŬ֮, Ҳװѻʱ͢ʵʶ
һ, Ǭ¡ǴӱõŷǬ¡ʮijƽִսǬ¡ʮʮ, ʷŷ, ٷִΪ۰֮Ĵϵ
۵, ֿܵĽ˷ɡǬ¡۵ƺĽּۡоֿܵĽ, һһش
, 簶ںѧѾע, Ͱֵָֽע, ڹdzƽֵĹɵơִ˵ִ衱 12ʵ۵ijӴһʾ174849 , طϳ˶ʮ߷ԭܶǻĽ, ܵ˵, ΪҪ, ˿Ͳִƶ⡣濴,ֽ͵ֲ֧, ʵ, ʮ˿Ϊԭ, Ҷֽ͵Ŀһ˿ڵܱΪǡ족ɵ, DZı, û˽Ӧòȡʩͼ;ĶԲ߶ڱ˵ġ, ʳӦ˿෴, ƽƶȱһԶ֮Ϊ, ͬػʳġӷѡһ, ȱǻ¡
ĴʹӾ, ӦҸš
ʵ, ϸĶһ, ͻּᷢȲӦѸʡһȺΩǴӵū, ҲΪһ´˹ʶ, Ϊ4800ʯIJִԵùҰIJӦԼ١෴, Щʾ˼, ˼ľԭԺͶ˼άԤϵһ, Բִ˵Ĺ۵Աϸʡ, Щطȱͨˮɽ谭, ҵ̶Ƚϵ͡ɽѲ̩۵,һֲִ֧, Ϊʺˮ·ͨձġϡʡ, һ, Ϊִ費ӦΪɽʡָ롣˾, ԶϲƪĶԲִӦȽ䵭, Ϊٲֱ绤ʮƪȷֲִ֧˵, һֹ۵ǿӲ, һȽº͡, ߽һЩΪȤۡ
ڲϲִѲ, һЩ˾ͽڷļ۸Ϊ롰ϡʡڵ֮ȫͬĿࡢɽʡѲ, DZʡ, Ҫ͵ơӺˡʱߵˮƽ, Ҫõö, ɽĺ˸ڵز쳣
෴, ׳ʡݹۼ̧һ, ѲȴΪ۵İʡ֮以óıȻº, ǷĹŻûпԽʹҳΪ۸״һ־ż, ̬ҲΪ档Ȼ, ƺ֮ijЩԱƫ, ͬʱЩƶĹڵͬ, ΪѸٷչĹ㶫гвǻȡʳ;ΪڹִΪ??۾öƽҲ, ͬʱ֧һ, 谭ʳġ֮١, ˿ڳ֮㶫óײΪߴ˻, һʡıطߴˡıĻᡣȻӦũҪ㹻ġDzء ͥʳ , Ӧʶͨ˵ط֮, ˴ʵ֮13ԡɽӡ֮ɽҲͬ, ҵʡڵʳӦ,ɽѲ˃̩ɽʱֲִ֧˵෴, Ϊʡʳ͡ǷѵصʹٲִΪ֤ġһҪͼϷͣ[] Ͷ衱 ðھʦͷ ɽ㳣ƽ, 䴢Ե1744 27%ͬʱ,̩ҲᳫڶɽĹϵͳ, Դ˽Ϳƽʱʳ۸
Ϊ, ڸõؽؿ, ɿ֮ءںδ, ںδӦھԸڿӮʳ, ˽óװ˵˿ڳܵķںذ, Ϊ˻Ӧ·ɽѲ, ̩ǵһλᳫɹŵӯɽʡϵ, λǰѾйáţƤ硱ӿпеػƺĴ١Ҳʧʵʹ̩תȡȽϳİ취, Ծĺóױػƺ黯ǵȵصĹȷС14̩Ȼᵽƺ, ȤDzʹһ㳫ĵ·ƹ̡ⷬڽ, ģ൱, ֱĵ·Ҳ䷶Χڡ̩лۿΧŹɽ·ƵĽ, ·־չƽ̹, Ŀn˴Կͨ衱
̩Ƿ㹻ؿǵɱһ? ʹһĵ·, ӹ黯ǵݡƽһ½·, ɱҲʮְ, Dz̩ܲ, ܹչһľͳ½ʡĿ, ͼھٴٽģʽóױضĵϰ15Ѳ͢۸ӽԤ֮еıʡݵķӦʵ, ڱʡݵ, ɽ·ĸһ˵İ
ҵϵĹ״ж˼ʱӡʳĿ, һʹġ պг ΣճΪʵȻƽֶIJ书Ϊƽ۵һҪɲ, ʮҶ, ۵ձ鰺ƺʹһԵЩʱˡȻ, ͢Ϊ, ڸ, Լĵв֮ͼ, ܵΪ, δꡱ, , ΪٲֳΪвЧԲ, ԡм֮[ٷ]ΪȨ⡱Ͳȡ˴ʩ, ù١, ͬʱҲùʹһʱǵ̫ࡣɽʡѲȻһᳫĸﲹƶ, ͢һ, ƺòؼٲ̫߶յĴƵIJִ16ʮʮ, ʡűȽǿԤͳȻ1749ʡƽֹȶ嵥1744ʡߵIJִ 501 ʯ ƺš֡144ʯ, ƽʡ357ʯռȫλ17Ѳ˶ɫǰŶͼһͨԵ֤ٷԤԹĵͲŶͼΪں, պ, ٷ, ̴֡ڻ, ¡мͰ, ҡƸ, , ǹִ, ڻΪ, ۲, ⡱˶ɫ˰˿͵ĻԭͶڡij˵, ӦǴͲҵ˶ɫд˲ִ˵һг, ʹת淶IJⲢǶһʯִζһʯʳ, ǡڻһʯ֮, 伴һʯ֮ʳá˶ɫ, DZҪġΪӽնʳ,Ω϶ڻ֮18ϡ⽮Բִ˵֧ӦԤ֮С˶Բִ˵̬ЩģɵġϿ, ܶۿͷͱƫؼֲִ˵ȥӡ: ֳƽƶȼʵһ۱ϵĻ, ĿΪתĨǵغʷƾõijƽƶɨ·ƵȷƳƽִתٶ, ԱٹٷҪ,ĸĸィ黹Ƚº͡ᵽΪ, ִɿ顱, ҲᳫǬ¡ˡĴ
ָǵձ, ӰˡǹΪĸƷһ, ΪΪȫᵽۡս, ѲִڵλδȫżȻġȻ˽϶ƪִ, ȴøīʹ, ᳫֲֹŴݳ
Ĺƿ, ơ˷ѡʳܿܲȶѷڽϳƽʳ١19ǻԤϵ, ׳ʡݽϺͺѲӦֲִ֧˵ӲɡΪʮʮ, ƽƶȵĽ㳣, ʡʡݵĹΪƺӰʡݵ, ʹ֮ڰѲ̩ȷΪ²ٲֵ۸, ĸĽӦµЧ, ʵıʡгʡݵĹٷʹڽäĿɹӰ졣Ȼ, ԱʡijƽֶҵóʲôޱҪķָ, ӦԵжϿƽϸߵ, ˵ڳЦΪƽֹͷ
Ĵ160ʯ, ݿ̩,ʱʵʴ170ʯϡ[ʡһ] ÿʮ֮,170 ʯǽڹ, Ϊٲֵ;1743һֱ1748, ۻɹ70ʯ, [ÿ] ʮ֮ȷ, տ̩Ĺ, ϲһص Ѵ400 ʯܴٷֶεij̶Ͽ, ,ڻʵ۶ԡס, ̩ĹͲбȽǿĻζڿ̩, ̷, ȼÿ; , Ԥ֮ݻ˹, ̡20ԳƽƶȵǿӲʲô? ȱǿ, һ˿Ժִͬ, ͬʱ۵Լĸィϱº̬ȡº̬ȵƽ, ӶǶ̽۸, ԼԴִ֮IJȴʩȤ
ȷ, º뼤֮ĽʱԻ塣˵, ƹܶʶƽƶȵƹ㲻ǵΨһĻԭ,Ҳᵽ˹ٲڡر߸ʡıزٵáͬʱ, гƽƶȵ۵Ե, ԹΪ֪ڼϰԼ治סʳһ߳˵, ˵֮ϧȽڹ, DZڹ߽ʧӺҲ, ܵЩϸIJ, ̶ִĶһϵԵĻԵļ֮, ƺһ蹵21Ϊƪ, ֻܼܽɵۡ
ѲȡĴʩִΪ, ʱֹͣٷ, ¶ڻΪĽ̰, ҡʵ̷óⱻڻʳ·, ¡Ǹ֮֮ӡ, ƽ֮Сԭ֮ԴΪ, ٹֻвִڡԭ50% ,ҡطաʱ, ڱؽвִ, Զʡ, νԭ롰ࡱԶ, ֻ2800ʯѾȻIJִͶһ벻Σյ? ΪȻ
Ϊùڿ, ʹǡ̰СĽϰնòֹԭǷŸũ, Ϊ, ڳлĽϡ֮ʮ, ֮ΩϽ֮ʡΪࡱûҪڽա㽭ɽϸʡ, ԽԶϸʡԽ١ѵⲻ˿ܶȵԭ? ֲΪȻ, ΪԶʡݵİաδϰ, , δ෴, ϼڽʡÿϰ߳, ˮһв,̶˵, Ϊ֮൱֡ԻСģʳѷ, ˾ֻӦáʱ˼, ǰһ, Ӧðաޡ, гϹʳ22ҵ̶ȽϸߵʡݿгӦһǬ¡ʮ겻ʮʡ
ͨһͨʩŰƶʳʮ, ʽȼ⡱ һʮᵽ, ̩ڶ۰ڡ, ɽѲʳذʡ, Ҳһ־øͲ塣˵: , ,֮Ҳͨ, , ֮ҲΪıתͨ, һڹ, ֮Ҳڡ̩, ڳذʡ, ײ, ˮ·ͨ, ˽ʳóչ÷dz, ٷһ㲻Ҫйﴢ档ڷȻֺʱ, ⡱, ˡΩıΪĸ, һ桰˵ôͽıС,һгϵƷ, ֮ƽʹҪ, ֻҪھҪʵصijƽ, ͲѴӡھʳ˵̩Ƿʱһֳذʡóܹʵ, һĹӯʳĴٷ涼Ԥ; ෴, ֮, ʡ֮ͨת䡱ھӦðѲִԭνʱλĹﶼӦ; ĴгͶ, Ὺһµļ23Ǭ¡۶Щ˼ݶ۵ηӦ? Ⱥĸռȫ, Ҳƺ˴顣˵ľǴʶҲѡġ812, ٲּ֮ǰ, 䲼һּ, Բִȫ, Ϊֹд, ̫֮, ֮߱, ֮ȻڡӺɶӶȵ,ѡĹ, תʡѧʿͻԭ, Ϊʵʩת˼ƻṩ顣24ʵ, ڽִܲ˵ķ⽮, ּ֧Ȳһ, ֲرǿҡִʽ˸֧֡ЩȷᳫͲִĴ, ִִ֧ġ̩ԵùҲֻڳذʡʵдģ, Щʡ֮, ѽͨĸų⡣
ֱʮʮʮ 17491 µ , ѧʿȲ顣, ߵʵʩչ൱Ѹ١ 9³ , ջյʹʵַһ, ֻСִֹ??ɶĵʵ۷ʵ, Щչʵ ڹ, ͨ̾25һ˵Ѵͳٶڰߵܷ˵͢ʹٷΪξϵľޱ˼?ʱ, ξͬ¿ûкܶϵ17491µ, ѧʿͻùٽ鳯ָ͢һ3379ʯ²ִϸĶίԱ, Ͳóһӡ: ίԱԸƽϵͳ, ͬʱҲܾҵʡʽίԱԸʡѲֲȡһʽȫȷ̬, Dz˵ʮֹעʵʵIJִˮƽݸʡ, ʮ^ǰĴֹΪ2686ʯ, ¶693ʯҡʡ˾һáмۡ еıй,һ滹ջеıũĹ, ϿܴﵽĶ3895ʯ, ¶516ʯҡ, ijһʡ, ũĹѵǰִˮƽߵ¶ˮƽ, αй˷ʽ? ȺͱйȵֱΪ478 731ʯίԱᳫ Ⱦջر, ȻԵ, ʱڴƶũջعδ練Ƶ, ũǷ¡ίԱò, ջغ;Ժ, кϡ㽭ࡢʡӦij⡣ʡϵջءԺIJΪ30ʯ, ȡߴ6715 ʯ, ǡδ겢ѭ㽭ʡIJߴ91ʯ, ίԱᳫȻĴʩ, Ѻϵʵ55ʯ 㽭, ӶѺߵijּһϡȻջ㹻ıﵽ¶ʡ, ίԱὨ˵ò,㽭ϡʡijֻͨͷϡйغϺʡݵνȡ ϵΪ322 ʯ , ίԱὨ, ϱĿǰִġмۡ ϵΪ142 , ίԱὨӦðЩʣʽ浽ʡⷿ,Ȼò ϱԱ㻧ò 26ò֮ʲô˼? ᷨ۵ͳָ¼ﷴ, ȷίԱᷨ⡣Ѯ, ʵƺѾŵ, ʡʽԱԱʱ֮, Ϊ˱Ų, ЩʽӦô˾ʡⷿ 27෴, ҪʽڰѿȨתƵ; ͬʱ, òпܵʽáǬ¡ʮ, ڳ͢ǮٺհսԺ, ͼȡƽϵͳľݳƲҪм۵ĿȨ, ڰ1918мá28ʮ, ͢˴۾ĵһν֮ۡ1749, ʵѳ֮Բȡʤ, ս۱ǵ漰һش: һּŵָ,ֻа2700, ﶬ??[ 2700 ] Ϥ֮ľ,ڵżм, ƽ?29ʵ, սܿ, ͢˲ҪЩöʡⷿмĴ, ս۵ȫջԵ1000, ǻǸϸһίԱύǰ漴顣
ίԱ۵ıһּڽսжʵϣ, ڹ 5º6³һҽٽȷϵʤ, ʹܹ͢ս, ͬʱӡΪ1749 130յίԱᱨڳ͢ԡʵѺΪ̡սǰʾ֮ĵʮ鶨117, ͢Ԥʾ, ٵ6 ʤ, Ͳ硰گⳡսۡʵսķһίԱݱļ֮2³, ͢Ⱥ䲼گ, ָʾñһ¶ϲɹ¡ 4Ѯ6Ѯ 530 ޡ30ϼΪݱı, ڶԱмʾIJʶԽʱ, DZ뿼ǵġ, Ǭ¡ʮʵǮ︳ һ, ︳ǹҪԴʮһ굽ʮ, ȫʡȫ︳һĶ, Ȼζ½нսۡ311749117, ͢Ԥ, ʹĹܹɹ, սܻҲﵽ100032ʱӹʽۼƻѴ860 1747 괺Ժ,ŴαȰ䲼Щϸֵ֮ע, Ϊ˵սɵIJ, һʹܹӳƽϵͳпܳȡĽʡ, 142 볯͢ڽսIJͬβľ֮ĶԱ˵, 17481112 , ͢ȴӺϡʡ101, ִӹɽʡ100, ִӻ⻮100, ͢Ϊս17491µ, ̺ɽϲʿһŵ150͢ȷڴŻиŵʡ33ȻŵԲֿ, 1µ, ͢, ֻҪⳡսۼƾѲڳ1000, ṩ㹻ʽӦǿܵġ
Ȼ, սϵ^ô? ľԴѧʿֳʹ˵ĵй212, ʵ۰ѡǰ, ָʾñɹ³Ѯ[5 1625] ֮ڡᵽսۿҪ⻧ȫ2700جξдּС34˵, ĵǵȷʮ͵ĻѾε3000, µ֮ȱȼ»35ʵ, ս3·ݼ, ˱Ҳû˳͢ʣмĴĶ, ЩǬ¡ʮ궬ȫƽʲίԱһҲûȨ֮, ˸ġ
1749310, ָ͢, [֮ʡ] ֧ӦƷ, 罭[][] , ۰ɴײ36Ǭ¡ʮ, ֮ǷӰĴϵҼҪĵҵ? ȻĴʡĵطʮʮ·Ѳȡ׳Ĵʩȷ֤, ʹָ, ʮꡰ¼Ͽˮ, ״[] ȡϿˮաָᷨܿΪ, ʡ˾β׳, ʡ˾Ϊס̴, γеĴӦȻ37ϧ, ڻظʵԭʱ, ʡڽһDZضƺղػԡʵ۲ǰʾؼڲִƶȵӰ?Ǭ¡ʮ곣ƽΪĿ, ٴ^ʼ, ⳡ۲ǼƻӱIJִȡԴжĻԳ͢˵, ֮ʱ, սΪ۸ǵĸԴ֮һ, Dzᱻἰ; ֻҪսȿǵλ, йǵ˼ͻᱻڲȨ֮ơַ֧ڹҪ˵, ڳƽʲʧĵմʹ͢ʶҪϸսʱԭίԱıʾ, ¹涨ִ, ΪĹʽм ƽ142, ΪǶ,ǰʵڲֵĹﹲƻ200ʯ, 142볯͢Ͷսĸʿ, ֧սij, ͢µսֹޡսǰ, ʵʩе, ͻһµӦ, 142Ͷ322ʯ֮ȡ롪ȷֲֵȡڴֽȹ̵ЧΡһ䴢ֵõ, ΪװͻŲϵIJȷԡ֮ǰ, ֲϵкôġ
ĽʹŹּ̡ʵ, ֮۵սֲϷ仯, ھʦңĵ跨ݾƵ˼Ҳ֮䡣Ϊ˽Ǭ¡ʮijƽս, ʶֶ֮ĸáȻ, ս︳ɵļٵ, ʷŷ᳣ƽƶȱ״, Գ͢˵, DZڵĺôġȻ,ǶƵĹעŴǬ¡ʮĴս, һȫܵġҶʱij͢ȱӵͳѧ, Ժʱɹõݶִ֧֡ζŸۡһ۶Ƕôġ1748, 1680ǰijε۷ǵһʹ˾, ֮ʾ糱ʹѰЧüޡ֮۽Ժ, ͢ûлƹٲִľġ෴, 174910, һرίԱܲһЩʡٴ, ɽʡ¶Ϊ132ʯ, ѲĶΪ181ʯ, ʡ¶Ϊ137ʯ, ʹĶΪ152ʯҡ38Ȼ, ִһʩڲϵջDzݺӵġڸʡ֮, ͣٷõ˸֧, ʲôϵĺô? ͣٷʱʡʽ, ûʡʡطֽáǬ¡ʮ, Ž֮۵, ͢ڲ״еĽǴ˵ʵ8·ߵĴԡȫҵյ֮Ȼٷ⽮, Ȼʵ۾, ҪѸʡIJִһӺɶΪʲôᵽġɶ? ֻС̩һᳫѳذʡ̵ͨIJִˮƽ̩йءϡʡҲֱӰ812ּ, Ϊһ֤Ʋʱʵۺܸܿոضһۡ39, ͢ҲΪ̩ʳгĹ, ǶԾܴйٲִеõһȤõij͢ϾԸ֮ϸµķ
͢뷨δؼᶨ, Ѯ, ʵƺŵ, ڸذѶʽ˾⡱, ЩʽԿɹطʹáһŵ, пǻʵԥķӳֻѵ, һλˡľŻӹҵWʽԹսòҪǬ¡ʮĴսdz͢Ϊ˽ӳƽֵʲƵ, Ҫѻʵۺ;ùٵһΪӦ¼͡㡱
ľ⡣ʮ,ʵ۶Խ֮սľڼίԱıһ˻ʵ۹ȥһδҵ, һҲڰʵ۶пɲȡĴʩõ˽⡣ίԱĽۿӰʵ۾ҪѮǰս۵֮һٿ˵, ίԱĽʺϵʱľءҪٵ´һ۰ս
Ǭ¡ʮ°곯͢Ϊdz졣žΣĽһ,͢ίԱᶼҪݲƻǵΪֵƳ, ƺ˵Ƿġֻ, мĸ, ̫֮, ֮߱١˵Ȼ֮, ǧӦðΪ1740ƽϵͳ֮õĿ۸, νʹͼ, ѽ¶11%ҡڳʡ֮ʳг˽ҲǬ¡ۻҪ롣
עͣ
1.ѱĵӢij巭, شлƪ, ĶԸӵĽֻۡ, State orMerchant? Political Econo2my and Political Process in 1740 s China Cambridge,Mass1: ѧ, 2006 , 5 - 8¡
2.ڴָ1748ʵѲݷʾ֮ʵʹΪҪȱӵͽʵ¼314ҳ2526й1748ʾѹʩ, μ, ҳ45561; йΥ˾̡ȱС, μľ, ȡ̰һ족, ءйĻ17 2002 , ҳ14973
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5.Сʱѡ, Ǭ¡ʮһɹȾʷ , ءʷ19914, ҳ3 - 5תؼʷ», Ǭ¡2 /9 /29۱;, Ǭ¡2 /10 /21ۺǬ¡3 /1 /17; йһʷ, , , ִ¼ơһʷ, ִ ,ѧʿ;, Ǭ¡8 /4 /6; ʵ¼189ҳ2; , ʮйľ÷չߡ: йѧ, 1995 ,ҳ129; , 2 - 3ҳ199 - 206
6.μѧʿ;⸲ݵʷ尵, Ǭ¡7 /5 /9, һʷ, ƺ챾, ִ,Ѳ, Ǭ¡8 /2 /28Ȿļ
7.һʷ, ִ, , Ǭ¡8 /6 /21; ūš, Ǭ¡9 /2 /10ۡ
8.һʷ, ִ, ūš, ͬ; ʵ¼211ҳ16 - 18; , ҳ245 - 62, 268 - 74,278 - 82
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10.1748ȫġΪ3100ʯ, ݱߵļ, ճջشʩ, ϿܴܵΪ3900ʯҡ, 12
11 .Will, Nourish the Peop le, ҳ251, 254 - 56, 264 -65; , ҳ299, 372
12.һʷ, ִ, ʷŷ, Ǭ¡12 /10 /13; ʵ¼304ҳ16 - 18; ,йȽU䶯: ij,1997 , ҳ303
13., μһʷ, ִ, Ѳ͢, Ǭ¡13 /4 /24, ɽѲ̩, Ǭ¡13 /4 /18 , Ѳ, Ǭ¡13 /5 /22ۡ
14.ɽѲ, Ǭ¡8 /10 /18 ¼ ,Ҷ־ѡ, Ǭ¡ʷϡ , ʷ39 1990 , ҳ29 - 30; һʷ, ִ, ɽѲ, Ǭ¡9 /9 /14; ǹ,ļ1, ϳ´ةۻƺ顷йءӺԺũƾĶ˹Ա㿪ѴŮص, μͳɳ¡߽̫ԭ: ɽ, 1998 , 1, ҳ281
15.һʷ, ִ, ɽѲ̩, Ǭ¡13 /4 /18ۼ
16.ͬ, Ѳ͢, Ǭ¡13 /4 /24, 6 /11 /28,Ѳºı, Ǭ¡13 1143 - 013 ; ʹԺ̨ , ¼¼ƾ̨ , ɽѲ, Ǭ¡13 /8 /6 ۡ
17., ҳ245 - 47 ͱ7
18.һʷ, ִ, ȺѲŶͼ˶ɫ, Ǭ¡8 /4 /2513 /1 /23ۡ
19.ͬ, ܶ, Ǭ¡13 /7 /2
20.ͬ, Ѳ̩, Ǭ¡13 1142 -026 ; , 6; ʵ¼304 ҳ17
㽭ѲǬ¡13, 1142 - 020ҲνģɵĴ
21.ͬ, ƹܶ, Ǭ¡13 1142 -024
22.̨ , Ѳ, Ǭ¡13 /3 /22 ; οʵ¼311ҳ28b - 29b
23.һʷ, ִ, ɽѲ̩, Ǭ¡13 /4 /18
24.ʵ¼319ҳ5 - 6
25.ͬ, 320ҳ23 - 24
26.һʷ, ִ, ѧʿ͢, Ǭ¡13 /12 /12ۺԭʡƽֹȶ嵥 1132 - 016 , Ѳ˶ɫ, Ǭ¡13 /9 /8;, ҳ355 - 61, 374 - 80 ͱ11 - 13, 17
27. ʵ¼323ҳ15 - 16
28., ҳ266, 275 - 82йհ֮, μ, Ǭ¡ۼʱ: йѧ, 1992 , ҳ169 - 72
29 .ʵ¼331ҳ52йصһνս, μ, ҳ174 - 82; ׯ, ʮȫ书о̨: ʹԺ, 1982 , ҳ109 - 28
30.ʵ¼329ҳ55 - 56, 330ҳ48- 49, 331ҳ3; , ҳ178 - 80; ɿ, ʷ꡷5 Ǭ¡ϱ: йѧ, 1991 , ҳ312, 314, 316 - 18, 322
31.йǮ, μҳ444 - 52
32.ʵ¼329ҳ55
33., ҳ385, 15ͱ16
34.ʵ¼331ҳ49, 52
35.ѡ, ӺǬ, ءʷ1984 4, ҳ19 - 20; , ҳ387 ע53
36. ʵ¼333ҳ25
37һʷ, ִ, յµ, Ǭ¡14 /3 /1ĴʹԽ, Ǭ¡14 /3 /14 ; 鸲, ͢, Ǭ¡13 /12 /24۽Ƭ7, 1616 ; , ҳ394 - 95
38.һʷ, ִ, ѧʿ͢, Ǭ¡14 /8 /25ܶ͢, Ǭ¡14 /2 /9ۡ
39., ҳ398, ע79
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